January 24, 2024 In a captivating glimpse into Mesolithic life, the DNA extracted from chewed birch bark pitch, a type of resin used as glue, has provided insights into the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers on the west coast of Scandinavia some 9,700 years ago. The findings, detailed in a study published in Scientific Reports, shed light on the diet, health, and cultural practices of a group of teenagers who were part of this ancient community.
The archaeological site, known as Huseby Klev and located north of Gothenburg, Sweden, was excavated in the early 1990s, revealing artifacts and resin pieces dating back to the Mesolithic period. Among the artifacts were chewing gum-like lumps, with teeth imprints, fingerprints, or both, indicating that teenagers in the community chewed them.
The birch bark pitch analyzed in the study served dual purposes—adhesive substance in stone tool technology and, when chewed, for recreational or medicinal reasons. The DNA analysis of the resin provided a unique snapshot of the human and non-human DNA present in the mouths of these ancient individuals.
Approximately half of the DNA extracted from the birch bark pitch was of human origin, representing some of the oldest human genomes from Scandinavia. The DNA analysis suggested that teenagers of both sexes were likely preparing glue for toolmaking, such as attaching a stone axe to a wooden handle.
The other half of the DNA was from non-human organisms, including bacteria and fungi present in the mastic. The study revealed an abundance of bacteria associated with serious gum disease, periodontitis, in one of the teenagers, indicating probable oral health issues in the Mesolithic community.
Additionally, DNA from larger organisms, such as red deer, brown trout, hazelnuts, and foxes, provided insights into the diet and cultural practices of the ancient group. The study pioneers new methods of DNA analysis, combining various strategies, and opens the door for further exploration of ancient DNA in archaeological artifacts.
As researchers delve deeper into the genetic records preserved in ancient chewing gum, more revelations about the lives, habits, and health of prehistoric communities are anticipated. The findings underscore the significance of such artifacts in unraveling the mysteries of human culture from the Stone Age.
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