On July 4, 2012, physicists at CERN, a European particle-physics laboratory, declared victory in their long-term pursuit of the Higgs boson. The mysterious particle discovery filled the last gap in the standard model – the best definition of particles and the power of physicists – and opened a new physics window by providing a learning path through the Higgs field, involving previously unlearned interaction provides particles in their quantity.Since then, researchers at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, have been busy publishing some 350 scientific articles on the Higgs boson. However, many aspects of the particle remain a mystery.On the tenth anniversary of the discovery of the Higgs boson, Nature looks at what it teaches about the Universe, and the great questions left.
5 things that scientists have learned
The weight of the Higgs boson is 125 billion electron volts. The physicists were hoping to find Higgs’ chest at last, but they did not know when. In the 1960’s, physicist Peter Higgs and others argued that what is now called the Higgs field could explain why photons are less weighty and W and Z bosons, which carry the weak nuclear energy behind radioactivity, are heavy (with subatomic particles ). The special properties of the Higgs field allowed the same numbers to respond to the mass of all particles, and became an integral part of the standard model. But the theory did not predict about boson weight and therefore when LHC might produce.
Eventually, the particle appeared much earlier than expected. The LHC began collecting data on its Higgs search in 2009, and both ATLAS and CMS, the standard purpose of the accelerator, detected it in 2012. Recipients saw only a dozen decaying Higgs bosons in photons, Ws and Zs. , which revealed a lump of data on 125 billion electron volts (GeV), about 125 times the size of a proton.The Higgs ’mass of 125 GeV puts you in a comfortable position which means the chest is rotting into many particles at a high enough speed for the LHC test to be detected, said Matthew Mccullough, a physicist at CERN. “It’s very strange and it may be possible, but it is possible [in this crowd] to be able to measure a lot of different things with Higgs.”
Higgs boson is a spin-zero bullet
Spin is a component of quantum-mechanical internal particles, often depicted as an internal web magnet. All other known basic particles have a spin of 1/2 or 1, but speculation predicted that Higgs should be different from having a spin zero (it was well predicted to have zero charge).
In 2013, CERN experiments studied the angle at which the photons produced in the Higgs boson decay flew into a search engine, and used this to indicate that the particle may have a zero spin. Until it was shown, few physicists who were free to call the particle found Higgs, says Ramona Gröber, a philosopher at the University of Padua in Italy.Higgs’ architecture brings out some of the theories that extend the common model.
Physicists know that a typical model is not perfect. It destroys with great force and cannot explain the important recognition, such as the existence of black objects or why there is so little antimatter in the universe. So physicists have come up with extensions for the model that causes this. Finding the weight of the Higgs boson’s 125-GeV has made some of these ideas less appealing, says Gröber. But the bulk is in a gray area, which means it controls very little, says Freya Blekman, a physicist at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. “What we have is particles that go with more or less,” he said.
Higgs boson interacts with other particles as a standard model predicts. According to the standard model, the particle size depends on how well it interacts with the Higgs field. Although the chest – similar to the ripple in the Higgs field – does not play a role in that process, the degree to which the Higgs bosons rot or are produced by any other particle provides a measure of how tightly those particles interact with it. field. LHC tests confirmed that – at least the heaviest particles, most produced by the Higgs decomposition – weight equals field interaction, a significant victory over 60-year theory.
The Universe is stable – but only
Statistics using the weight of the Higgs boson suggest that the Universe may only be temporarily stable, and there is little chance that it may change into a low energy level – with catastrophic consequences. Unlike other known fields, Higgs field has the lowest energy level above zero and even empty space, and is full of space. According to the standard model, this ‘soil condition’ depends on how the particles interact with the field. Shortly after physicists discovered the weight of the Higgs boson, scientists used a number (and other measurements) to predict the existence of a lower, more desirable energy state. Switching to this alternative will require him to overcome a major barrier to power, says McCullough, and the chances of this happening are slim to never occur in a lifetime. “Our day of destruction is fast approaching, for some reason,” McCullough said.
5 things scientists still want to know
Can we make Higgs ratings more accurate?
To date, Higgs boson structures – such as communication power – are similar to those predicted by the standard model, but with about 10% uncertainty. This is not good enough to show the subtle differences predicted by the new theories of physics, which are slightly different from the conventional model, Blekman said. Additional data will increase the accuracy of these estimates and the LHC will collect only one-twenty of the total amount of information that is expected to be collected. Identifying new phenomena in accurate studies is more likely than focusing directly on the new particle, says Daniel de Florian, a mathematician at the National University of San Martín in Argentina. “In the next decade or so, the name of the game is accurate.”
Does Higgs work with simple particles?
To date, the Higgs boson interaction seems to be consistent with the standard model, but physicists have identified the ball into very heavy particles, such as the quark below. Physicists now want to test whether they interact in the same way with particles from simple families, known as generations. In 2020, CMS and ATLAS saw such a collaboration – Higgs’ unusual decay in a second-generation electron called muonWhile this is evidence that the relationship between weight and bonding holds light particles, physicists need more data to confirm it.
Does Higgs communicate with itself?
The Higgs boson weighs, so it should share with itself. But such interactions – for example, decomposition of a strong Higgs boson to two powerless ones – are very rare, because all the particles involved are very complex. ATLAS and CMS are hoping to find collaborative strategies after the planned development of LHC from 2026, but full evidence will take a very strong collider.
The level of this interaction is important in understanding the Universe, McCullough said. The opportunities for self-employment are determined by how the dynamic forces of the Higgs stadium change close to their minority, which explains the circumstances shortly after the Big Bang. So knowing about Higgs’ interactions could help scientists understand the evolution of the early Universe, says McCullough. Gröber notes that many theories that try to explain how the issue somehow became more than antimatter require Higgs’ interaction that contradicts the prediction of the standard model by 30%. “I can’t stress enough how important it is,” McCullough said.
What is the lifespan of Higgs boson?
Physicists want to know the life span of Higgs – how long it sticks before it decomposes in other particles – because any deviation from the predictions could point to the interaction of unknown particles, such as those that make up the black matter. But its life span is too short to be directly measured. To quantify indirectly, physicists consider the spread, or ‘scope’, of particle strength over multiple scales (quantum physics states that uncertainty in the particle strength should be related to the opposite of its life). Last year, CMS physicians produced their first hard-hitting Higgs life time: 2.1 × 10−22 seconds. The results suggest that the life span is in line with the normal model.
Are there any unusual predictions?
Other theories that extend the standard model predict that the Higgs boson is not important, but – like proton – made of other particles. Some predict that there are many Higgs bosons, who behave in the same way but differ, for example, in ending or spin. As well as testing whether Higgs are particles of a typical model, the LHC test will look at the predicted properties of other theories, including decomposition into a non-permissible component.Physics are at the forefront of their efforts to understand Higgs’ field, with its unique nature that makes it “behave like a new physics portal”, says de Florian. “There is plenty of room for happiness here.”
Source Journal Reference: Elizabeth Gibney, Happy birthday, Higgs boson! What we do and don’t know about the particle, Nature News (2022), https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01834-5
