For years, the clash between general relativity and quantum theory has perplexed physicists, leading to the recognition that the two mathematical frameworks describing the Universe appear incompatible. However, physicist Jonathan Oppenheim of University College London proposes a resolution in a new paper, offering an alternative perspective. Additionally, a second paper outlines a method for experimentally testing this proposal.
General relativity and quantum theory are the established frameworks for understanding the Universe, but they differ in their applications. General relativity describes gravity and large-scale cosmic phenomena, while quantum theory is essential for the atomic and subatomic scales. Merging these frameworks into a unified theory has proven elusive.
Oppenheim’s proposal introduces the idea that space-time might be governed entirely by classical physics, challenging the prevailing notion that it should be quantized. In essence, if space-time is classical, it remains smooth and continuous at any scale, unlike the pixel-like quanta predicted by quantum theory.
The testability of this proposal lies in the potential wobbliness and unpredictability of space-time if it adheres to classical physics. According to Oppenheim, this would result in measurable fluctuations larger than those predicted by quantum theory. By conducting experiments to detect these fluctuations, physicists could explore the nature of space-time and potentially resolve the clash between general relativity and quantum theory.
Physicist Zach Weller-Davies of University College London explains, “We have shown that if space-time doesn’t have a quantum nature, then there must be random fluctuations in the curvature of space-time which have a particular signature that can be verified experimentally.”
Oppenheim’s theory faces opposition within the scientific community, with some physicists firmly believing that quantum theory can describe gravity. Notably, physicists Carlo Rovelli and Geoff Penington have signed a bet against Oppenheim at 5,000:1 odds.
While the resolution of the clash between general relativity and quantum theory remains a significant challenge, Oppenheim’s proposal and the associated experimental approach offer a potential path forward. The experiment’s outcome, whether supportive or not, promises valuable insights into the fundamental laws of nature. Physicist Sougato Bose of University College London notes, “Experiments to test the nature of space-time will take a large-scale effort, but they’re of huge importance from the perspective of understanding the fundamental laws of nature.” He anticipates that answers may emerge within the next two decades.
Oppenheim’s theory has been published in Physical Review X, and the experimental approach is detailed in Nature Communications. While resolving this scientific conundrum will require extraordinary evidence, the ongoing pursuit of understanding the nature of space-time remains a captivating journey in the world of physics.
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