December 22, 2023, Japan’s Cabinet has given the green light to a significant 16% increase in military spending for the next year, accompanied by a relaxation of the postwar ban on lethal weapons exports. This move underscores a notable departure from Japan’s historical self-defense-only stance.
The decision aligns with the nation’s efforts to deploy long-range cruise missiles capable of targeting areas in China or North Korea, coupled with an increasing involvement of Japanese troops in offensive roles and collaborations with allies.
As part of a broader shift in Japan’s security strategy, the government has permitted the export of weapons and components produced in Japan under foreign licenses to the licensing nations. This marks the first major revision of Japan’s arms export ban since a partial easing in 2014. Prime Minister Fumio Kishida emphasized that these actions are taken to contribute to defending a free and open international order while maintaining Japan’s commitment to pacifism.
The approval for the export of surface-to-air Patriot guided missiles, produced in Japan under an American license, to the United States is the first move following the revised policy. Speculation has arisen that Japanese-produced Patriots may be sent to Ukraine. The easing of restrictions also opens the door for potential future exports to the U.S., Britain, and six European licensing nations, involving various lethal weapons and components.
The budget allocated for the fiscal year 2024, beginning in March, amounts to 7.95 trillion yen ($56 billion), marking a second-year installment in the five-year military buildup program. This budget, part of a 112.7 trillion yen ($794 billion) national budget, is subject to parliamentary approval. The reinforcement of strike capability is a significant departure from Japan’s postwar self-defense principle, reflecting a shift in its military strategy.
The centerpiece of the 2024 military budget is the early deployment of “standoff” missiles, including Type-12 cruise missiles and U.S.-made Tomahawks, with a focus on reinforcing air defenses, especially around Japan’s southwestern islands. Some 734 billion yen ($5.15 billion) is earmarked for these missile systems and the development of next-generation long-range missiles. Japan plans to invest a total of 43 trillion yen ($300 billion) through 2027 to enhance its military power.
Japan’s military spending surge also includes allocations for hypersonic guided missile development, missile defense systems, and construction of Aegis-equipped warships. The budget aims to address the challenges posed by a weaker yen and price increases while simultaneously focusing on strengthening Japan’s defense industry and supporting foreign arms sales.
The move to ease restrictions and increase military spending aligns with Japan’s evolving security landscape and its commitment to counter Chinese assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. Experts suggest that this shift will strengthen Japan’s defense capabilities and foster military aid partnerships in the region.
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