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Space Research: NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope is reaching a new milestone to explore mysterious Universe

Completing the nearly 30-year-old race, NASA‘s Hubble Space Telescope rated more than 40 “milepost markers” of space and time to help scientists accurately measure the rate of expansion of the universe – a demand that has a twist of structure. The pursuit of universal growth began in the 1920’s with astronomical estimates by astronomers Edwin P. Hubble and Georges Lemaître. In 1998, this led to the discovery of “dark forces,” an astonishing and repulsive force that accelerated the expansion of the universe. In recent years, thanks to information from Hubble and other telescopes, astronomers have found another twist: the difference between the rate of growth as measured in the whole universe compared to the independent observations that occur immediately after a major eruption, predicting a different rate of increase.

Cosmic elements

The cause of these disagreements remains a mystery. But Hubble data, which incorporates various cosmic elements that act as distance markers, supports the notion that something extraordinary is happening, which may involve a brand new physics.”You get the most accurate measurement of the expansion of the universe from the gold standard of telescopes and cosmic mile symbols,” said former Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

Riess leads a scientific partnership that investigates the growth rate of the universe called SH0ES, meaning Supernova, H0, for the Equation of the State of Dark Energy. “This is what the Hubble Space Telescope was built to do, using the best techniques we can do. This is probably Hubble’s magnum opus, because it would take another 30 years of Hubble’s life to double this sample size,” Riess said.

Hubble Space Telescope

The Riess team paper, which will be published in the Special Focus issue of the Astrophysical Journal reports on the completion of the largest and most likely final update of Hubble. New results are more than double the previous sample of cosmic distance markers. His team also reviewed all previous data, and all data now including more than 1,000 Hubble routes.

When NASA acquired a large space telescope in the 1970s, one of the main reasons for the cost and great technical effort was able to solve the Cepheids, the bright and sometimes faint stars, visible inside our Milky Way and outer galaxies. Cepheid has long been the golden standard for cosmic mile signs since their use was discovered by astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1912. To calculate the distances, astronomers use extinct stars called Type Iasupernovae.Taken together, these elements form a “cosmic distance” in the universe and are essential for measuring the growth rate of the universe, called the Hubble constant after Edwin Hubble. That value is crucial in measuring the age of the universe and provides a basic test of our understanding of the universe.

HST Key Project

Since the launch of Hubble in 1990, the first set of Cepheid astronomical revisions to Hubble has been done by two teams: the HST Key Project led by Wendy Freedman, Robert Kennicutt, Jeremy Mold, and Marc Aaronson, and another by Allan. Sandage with participants, who use Cepheids as a milepost marker to clear distance measurements at nearby galaxies. In the early 2000s the teams announced that the “goal has been achieved” by achieving 10 percent accuracy on the Hubble constant, 72 plus or minus 8 miles per second megaparsec.

In 2005 and 2009, the addition of new powerful cameras to the Hubble telescope introduced “Generation 2” of Hubble’s ongoing research as teams were determined to improve the value with just one percent accuracy. This was opened by the SH0ES program. Several teams of astronomers using Hubble, including SH0ES, have assembled at a fixed Hubble value of 73 plus or minus 1 mile per second per megaparsec. While other methods have been used to investigate the ongoing Hubble query, different groups have come up with values ​​that are close to the same number.

The SH0ES team includes longtime leaders Drs. Wenlong Yuan of Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Lucas Macri of Texas A&M University, Dr. Stefano Casertano of STScI, and Drs. Dan Scolnic of Duke University. The project was designed to cover the entire universe by comparing the accuracy of the fixed Hubble that has been considered since the microwave background radiation was detected from the beginning of the universe.

Strange Physics?

The rate of expansion of the universe was predicted to be slower than Hubble actually saw. By combining the Standard Cosmological Model of the Universe with the estimates made by the European Space Agency’s Planck mission (which has seen the cosmic microwave background from 13.8 billion years ago), astronomers predict a low Hubble constant: 67.5 plus or minus 0.5 miles per. second per megaparsec each, compared to the SH0ES group average of 73.

Considering the large size of the Hubble sample, there is only one chance in a million stars to be due to unfortunate drawings, says Riess, a common boundary of taking the problem seriously in physics. These findings liberate what was once a beautiful and pure picture of the ever-changing nature of the universe. Astronomers fail to find a definite explanation for the expansion of the universe in relation to the ancient universe, but the answer may include additional cosmic physics.

Such confusing discoveries have made life more enjoyable for cosmologists like Riess. Thirty years ago they started measuring Hubble regularly to measure the universe, but now it has become even more interesting. “Actually, I don’t care what the expansion value is, but I like to use it to learn about the universe,” Riessadded.NASA’s new Webb Space Telescope will expand on Hubble’s mission by displaying these cosmic milepost features at longer distances or sharper refinements than Hubble can see.

The Hubble Space Telescope is the blueprint for international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, holds a telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science projects. STScI works for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.

Source Journal Reference:Adam G. Riess, Wenlong Yuan, Lucas M. Macri, Dan Scolnic, Dillon Brout, Stefano Casertano, David O. Jones, Yukei Murakami, Louise Breuval, Thomas G. Brink, Alexei V. Filippenko, Samantha Hoffmann, Saurabh W. Jha, W. D’arcyKenworthy, John Mackenty, Benjamin E. Stahl, Weikang Zheng. A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team. Astrophysical Journal (submitted), 2022; DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2112.04510

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